From its origins, i.e. in the era of European discoveries and explorations in warm countries, the botanic of tropical useful plants paid special attention to plants used for medicinal purposes by indigenous peoples. For the sole example of these pioneering approaches in colonial herbal, it is remembered that Aztec plant pharmacopoeia in the 16th century Spanish doctor Francisco MARTINEZ. Such approaches allowed the addition of major drugs to the therapeutic arsenal of white medicine, such as gayac, ipecas and quinquinas after the discovery of the New World. However, for a long time, local plant-pharmacopoeia inventories in tropical countries have been limited, with few exceptions, to catalogues of botanical binomies accompanied by more or less well-collected vernacular names and transcribed indications of use referring to our categories of disease or to very ethnocentric interpretations of local nosological knowledge. Today, studies in this defective model can be read. This book is also a valuable methodological tool for ethnomedicine. It shows, above all, how fruitful a genuine cooperation between ethnologists, linguists and ethnolinguists, botanists, pharmacologists and doctors can be found in understanding traditional “popular” therapeutic knowledge. In addition, it was well shown by the authors that medical systems were well placed in the broader context of the societies’ environmental interpretations.