This book presents the results of research conducted by the Research Center on Human Populations and Wetlands of Brazil (NUPAUB) of the University of São Paulo (USP) work requested by the Coordination of Biological Diversity (COBIO), the Ministry of the Environment, Water Resources and the Legal Amazon ( MMA) and supported by the National Research Council (CNPq). The research aimed to carry out a survey and analysis of the works (books, theses, articles, reports, etc.) that deal with the knowledge and use of biodiversity (continental and marine) by traditional indigenous and non-indigenous populations in Brazil and to organize the documentation analyzed in a way that may be easily accessible to the public. Initially, by consulting several databases and acquis, particularly from universities and research institutes, and by visits to various centres spread across the country, some 3,000 titles have been identified between books, theses, reports, articles, collections using key words. Subsequently, using research chips, with 11 items (including subjects dealt with, types of traditional indigenous and non-indigenous traditional populations, ecosystems where the publication is located and relevance of the publication in terms of traditional knowledge and handling density) were chosen, some 900 publications considered relevant to the research objectives, according to the importance of traditional knowledge and handling themes in these works. The 206 indigenous groups identified by the Socioenvironmental Institute (ISA 1996) were considered as traditional non-indigenous populations: falling, Azorian, Babacchara, raft, bacon, bacon, bacon, bacon, bacon, bacon, kilomboo, kilomo, Amazon Ribeiro/non-Amazon Cape (Varjet), sertanejo/cowboy and craft fish. The following is organised in three parts: the concepts and definitions are presented in the first section, the data for the survey are analysed and the third conclusions and recommendations are presented. The whole of the research bibliography is found at the end of the text, separated by type of traditional community.