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The Hallucinogenic Fungi of Colombia, a new Perspective.


Pages: 73 - 173

Abstract

Richard Evans Schultes was the first to suggest the possibility that there may have been a cultic use of mushrooms in South America, specifically the Northeastern Andes region of the Amazon. Schultes and Hofmann noted that a Jesuit priest had mentioned that the Yurimagua of Northeastern Andes in Peru used a potion, possibly made from a tree fungus [perhaps a species of Psilocybe ]. Schultes offered little information except that he mentioned the drink might have included, Psilocybe yungensis as part of the mixture. Schultes' references of that tree fungus appeared in The Botany and Chemistry of the Hallucinogens and later in an article describing some of the mushroomic gold pectorals on display at the Museo del Oro in Bogotá. In recent years, Juan Camilo Rodriguez Martinez, an amateur ethnomycologist, was residing in Bogotá, Colombia. During this period, while researching the various gold pectorals and pendant artifacts on display at the Museo del Oro in Bogotá, a particular gold pendant piqued JCRM's curiosity. It appeared that there seemed to be a possible connection between those artifacts and a few specific species of the known neurotropic fungi that occurred in Colombia. Richard Evans Schultes and Alec Bright were the first Westerners to bring to the attention of Western Civilization, news of the existence of the gold mushroomic artifacts, and pendants on display at the Museo del Oro in Bogotá, Colombia. And now it is JCRM who suggests that the ancient Muisca priests may have once used entheogenic mushrooms in a cultic manner in prehispanic Colombia. And quite possibly, the epicenter of that cultic activity occurred primarily in and around the municipality of Villa de Leyva in Boyacá, Colombia, as well as in other Departments in the surrounding regions. The Muiscas are an indigenous people native to Colombia. They are the original inhabitants of what is now the city of Bogotá and the surrounding countryside. That also includes the Cundiboyacense High Plateau to the south of the Department (State) of Santander, one of the 32 States in this beautiful country. In Colombia, botanists are aware that many entheogenic plants have medicinal value and are of spiritual significance amongst the indigenous populations who use such plants in ritual ceremonies, yet there appears to be little research in Colombia concerning the past or present use of psilocybian fungi. However, there is an online plethora of data on the ludible use of entheogenic fungi by foreign tourists. Many young foreigners come to Colombia seeking such fungi, yage, and other native medicinal entheogenic plants, often searching for new ways to communicate with God or to have some mind-altering ludible experience. The authors suggest that such ludible use of entheogenic plants, especially psilocybian mushrooms, are beneficial to those who wish to discover and understand the secrets derived within a mushroom experience. It is essential to study what impact the widespread ludible use of entheogenic fungi have on the Colombian people who use them, moreover, how did the indigenous people in Colombia become aware of these fungi? To better understand their current popularity, we must examine precisely how knowledge of these mushrooms spread from their mid-1950s discovery in Oaxaca, Mexico to the United States and Australia, throughout the UK, Europe, and then to Colombia. More than fifty years have passed since R. Gordon Wasson and his photographer Alan Richardson became the first Westerners to consume a Mazatec ceremonial dose of a sacred mushroom (Psilocybe caerulescens Murr.). Their experience was shared the following morning on July 5th, 1955, by Wasson's wife Valentina Pavlovna and their 17-year-old daughter Masha. Over the next three years, other scholars soon followed in the footsteps of the Wasson's, all bound by a single shared common interest, their desire to experience the magic of the sacred fungi. Wasson eventually led other researchers into Mexico (Albert Hofmann, Roger Heim, and Rolf Singer), and during the 1960s, others also sought out the mushrooms and wrote about their experiences. Most notable were the Greek historian and scholar Robert Graves; Harvard lecturers Timothy Francis Leary and Richard Alpert [Baba Ram Dass]; creativity scholar Frank Barron; and anthropologist-historian-linguist Gerhardt Braun; all disciplined in various, sundry fields of studies related to the mushrooms. These scholarly students and teachers wrote of their mushroomic experiences, describing their effects with care and respect. Thanks to their perspectives, a new field of science, 'ethnomycology,' began to record a modern history of the sacred fungi. Before long, numerous papers on the entheogenic use and ludible use of the mushrooms were published. So began the spread of psilocybian knowledge around the globe. Richard Evans Schultes was the first person in modern times to explore the Amazon, where he spent some 13 years exploring the river regions and discovered over 24,000 plants new to science, of which 83 were hallucinogens. Schultes was also the first to suggest a possible past use of a tree fungus in Peru, basing his theory on the existence of mushroomic-shaped gold pectorals at the Museo del Oro in Bogotá. Harvard University soon followed, including alternative medicine guru Andrew Weil and Colombian-Canadian anthropologist and ethnobotanist Wade Davis and Timothy Plowman, the latter two were both students of Schultes. By the early 1970s, Bogotá became known worldwide as a safe city to experience the magic of the mushrooms and many other entheogenic plants of Colombia. However, this introduction of fungi from the west to the people of Colombia has opened a much-renewed interest in learning if mushroom cults once flourished in prehispanic Colombia. KEYWORDS: Muiscas, Chibcha, gold pectorals, man-bats, Psilocybe antioquensis, Psilocybe caerulescens, Psilocybe cubensis, Amanita muscaria, soma, hallucinogenic, ludible use, America, Colombia.