This chapter focuses on the local and regional medical traditions in Europe and is based on ethnobotanical studies provided that they adopt a proper botanical methodology and address the ethnographic and anthropological context of human–plant relationships. We have updated and reinterpreted our previous review of recent original medico-ethnobotanical field studies conducted in Europe (Quave et al., 2012b), therefore many pre-2012 references that appeared in this paper have not been included in the chapter. After a brief presentation of the history of ethnobotanical studies in Europe, we present the current state of such studies, highlighting the richness of the European ethnomedicinal flora and its importance for promoting our understanding of traditional healthcare and self-medication practices. Specifically, ethnobiological data are useful to medical practitioners charged with the care of rural, migrant and other populations that still use their own knowledge for curing themselves and other members of the community (Maxia et al., 2014).