he Amazon basin is a hot spot of natural diversity today and it was a cradle of cultural diversity in the past. Archaeology and cultural anthropology show us that these forms of diversity are intertwined. Nature has been transformed by human action over the millennia in the same way that some patterns of appropriation of nature, such as the “evolutionary choice” of not domesticating animals, can also be related to the natural conditions of ecological diversity and protein abundance of the Amazon. Given such a general background of cultural diversity, it is reasonable that diverse forms of management of nature lourished in the past. his was a recurrent and continuous pattern that tended to reinforce cultural diversity over the millennia. In this chapter I have tried to show that past cultural variability in the Amazon can be assessed by archaeology if one takes a contextual approach that goes beyond the study of ceramics and includes data on settlement size, shape and length of occupation, the comparison of regional chronologies, and so forth. By following this approach one overcomes the rigid debate on the possibility, or not, of using archaeological data as markers of cultural and linguistic variability and works toward identifying the contexts where such correlations could be established. he truth, once more, may be in the middle. Is there something more Amazonian than this?