Whether or not MDMA fulfills its promise, other drugmay be developed that are useful in psychotherapy. It would be an error to put too many obstacles in the way of human research aimed at understanding the therapeutic potential of such drugs. The fundamental aim here is not pharmacotherapy, and the drugs are not primarily symptom-relievers but catalysts. Like psychotherapy, they depend for their usefulness on the sensitivity and talent of the therapist who the centuries-old but now employs them.To ignore the possibility of reviving neglected tradition of drug-enhanced healing would mean unnecessarily limiting the psychotherapeutic potential of psychotherapy itself to help people gain insight into their problems and bring more perspective to their lives.